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Propostas em Língua Portuguesa da BNCC focam na gramática e nos gêneros digitais Na Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC), o foco da disciplina é formar para os diversos usos da linguagem e para a participação na sociedade de forma crítica e criativa Autor: NOVA ESCOLA
Avanços são refletidos pela presença de textos multimodais e pelas questões de multiculturalismo. Ilustração: Rita Mayumi/Nova Escola Boa notícia para os professores de Português do Fundamental 1 e 2: a BNCC mantém muitos dos princípios adotados nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs). Um deles é a centralidade do texto e dos gêneros textuais. Isso quer dizer que o ensino de português precisa continuar contextualizado, articulado ao uso social da língua . No entanto, entre as duas décadas que separam os dois documentos, os estudos de linguagens evoluíram bastante. Da mesma forma, a sociedade também passou por profundas alterações, sobretudo por conta da ampliação do uso da tecnologia. A BNCC reflete esse avanço, que se manifesta, principalmente, em dois aspectos: a presença de textos multimodais – popularizados pela democratização das tecnologias digitais – e as questões de multiculturalismo – uma demanda política da contemporaneidade. Confira a seguir as principais mudanças.
As práticas de linguagem se mantêm, mas é inserida a semiótica Nos PCNs, a disciplina se organizava em três grandes blocos de conteúdo: Língua Oral, Língua Escrita e Análise e Reflexão sobre a língua. A estrutura proposta pela BNCC se assemelha a essa organização. No novo documento, as habilidades estão agrupadas em quatro diferentes práticas de linguagem: Leitura, Produção de Textos, Oralidade e Análise Linguística/Semiótica. A diferença central refere-se à inserção da análise semiótica. Essa área se refere ao estudo de textos em múltiplas linguagens, incluindo as digitais: como os memes, os gifs, as produções de youtubers etc. Outra mudança é que, para cada um dos eixos, a BNCC propõe um quadro que explicita como se relacionam as práticas de uso e de reflexão. Ou seja: o documento avança na descrição de como podemos refletir sobre a língua, a fim de nos empoderarmos em seu próprio uso.
Os campos de atuação ganham destaque Uma das maiores mudanças da BNCC para o componente, os Campos de Atuação têm, praticamente, a mesma importância dos eixos temáticos na organização dos objetivos e habilidades que devem ser desenvolvidos durante todo o Ensino Fundamental. De forma geral, sua principal contribuição ao documento é demandar protagonismo dos alunos, mesmo os de anos iniciais, deixando bem clara a necessidade de contextualizar as práticas de linguagem. Para isso, a base leva em conta os campos: 1. da vida cotidiana 2. da vida pública 3. das práticas de estudo e pesquisa 4. artístico/literário
Os campos de atuação são as áreas de uso da linguagem, na vida cotidiana. Por exemplo: no campo de atuação artístico-literário, temos o uso da língua voltado à produção e à leitura de contos, romances, peças de teatro, poemas. Nesse caso, trata-se de gêneros textuais e usos da linguagem com predominância da atuação artístico-literária. No campo de atuação jornalístico/midiático, encontramos os textos com outra tônica: a da transmissão de informações, da comunicação, da intenção de "vender" um produto/ideia etc.
As diferentes práticas aparecem mais conectadas Outro avanço do novo documento é a articulação entre as práticas, a partir do entendimento de que a língua mobiliza os diferentes saberes. Assim, as habilidades de escrita constantemente aparecem integradas com práticas linguísticas como as de leitura e as de análise linguística/semiótica. Veja como exemplo a habilidade abaixo:
(EF01LP17) Planejar e produzir, em colaboração com os colegas e com a ajuda do professor, listas, agendas, calendários, avisos, convites, receitas, instruções de montagem e legendas para álbuns, fotos ou ilustrações (digitais ou impressos), dentre outros gêneros do campo da vida cotidiana, considerando a situação comunicativa e o tema/assunto/ finalidade do texto.
A formulação se refere a duas atividades articuladas entre si: planejar e produzir a escrita. Os gêneros são indicados (listas, agendas, calendários etc.), assim como é explicitado o campo de atividade, a situação comunicativa, o tema e a finalidade da produção. Mas, para que o aluno desenvolva a habilidade proposta, o professor terá que planejar práticas de leitura/escrita e outras atividades didáticas em que esses fatores estejam envolvidos. E nas quais o aluno seja levado a reconhecê-los na leitura e a considerá-los na produção. Exemplo: que lista será produzida? Por que vamos produzi-la? Para que ela vai servir? Como ela pode facilitar nossa ação? Quem vai usá-la? Que linguagem devemos usar para que ela atinja seus objetivos? Vale destacar que, para esse trabalho, só o texto não basta, será preciso contextualizar o conhecimento escolar, a partir de situações sociais significativas para os estudantes.
A gramática volta à cena Em relação aos PCNs, na Base as questões gramaticais estão mais explicitadas e são indicados os conteúdos que precisam ser tratados em cada ano. Ainda assim, a proposta é que a gramática seja compreendida em seu funcionamento e que não seja tratada como um conteúdo em si, de maneira descontextualizada das práticas sociais. A memorização de regras deve ser substituída pela compreensão das formas de uso, de acordo com a situação. Em resumo: a ideia é que a gramática seja discutida junto aos textos, como mostrado nesta reportagem de NOVA ESCOLA .
Diversidade cultural Além de apontar a importância de se organizar as práticas de sala de aula de acordo com os eixos temáticos e os campos de atuação, a Base chama a atenção para o cuidado que é preciso ter ao selecionar conteúdos que expressem a diversidade cultural do nosso país no momento de planejar cada aula. O que se propõe é a ampliação do repertório dos alunos, a interação com culturas, línguas e usos linguísticos diversos. A ideia é que os estudantes conheçam e aprendam a valorizar essas diferenças.
Interpretação e sentidos A Base também amplia, no campo da Análise Linguística e da Semiótica, a interpretação de textos a partir das imagens, links e demais recursos que os compõem. O documento propõe, por exemplo, a observação da formatação dos mais diversos textos, inclusive em ambientes digitais, de modo que o aluno consiga entender que a escolha da diagramação do conteúdo também é portadora de sentido. Com as fotos, o estudante deve ser capaz de perceber a intencionalidade que há por trás da imagem, transmitida por informações como o enquadramento, a luz utilizada etc.
Leitura crítica A BNCC destaca a importância de desenvolver habilidades que se mostram imprescindíveis para ler e compreender a realidade transformada pelo avanço tecnológico, como é o caso da necessidade de empreender uma curadoria competente das fontes de informação consultadas, a fim de saber lidar de forma crítica e responsável com as fake news (saiba mais sobre esse tema em reportagem publicada por NOVA ESCOLA).
Dada a relevância desse assunto na sociedade atual, a Base sugere trabalhar para capacitar o aluno a fazer uma leitura crítica e, inclusive, a fazer inferências sobre a veracidade – ou não – dos fatos. É importante que o aluno questione a origem da informação que chega até ele e que conheça recursos dos quais pode lançar mão para qualificar esses dados, antes de aceitá-los como referência segura.
Uma nova maneira de ler e escrever O novo documento incorpora ao ensino-aprendizado da língua materna as especificidades da leitura e da escrita em ambientes digitais. Escrever cartas ou avisos, por exemplo, não é o mesmo que escrever e-mails ou publicações de Facebook. A produção de um texto, ou mesmo a sua leitura, em um ambiente digital, envolve sempre a dimensão do hipertexto, como mostrado nesta reportagem sobre o trabalho com correspondências eletrônicas . Além disso, os textos digitais podem recorrer, tanto em sua composição quanto nos links que apresentem, a conteúdos dos mais diferentes tipos, incluindo áudios, vídeos, imagens etc., que ajudam a atribuir significado à mensagem. A Base não só considera esse potencial multissemiótico ou multimodal dos textos, como estimula seu estudo e produção, em classe.
Práticas de oralidade: objetivos definidos Nos PCNs, havia apenas a indicação de se abordar a linguagem oral no âmbito do uso. A BNCC amplia e aprofunda esse enfoque, explicitando a cada ano o que deve ser trabalhado, de acordo com as práticas dos diferentes campos de atuação ou esferas sociais em que os alunos estão inseridos.
Liberdade na definição dos procedimentos didáticos Nos PCNs, para cada eixo temático da área de Língua Portuguesa, havia um bloco de conteúdo chamado de Tratamento didático, onde eram explicitados alguns procedimentos para implementar em classe a teoria contida no documento. Na Base, esse tipo de direcionamento não existe, porque há um entendimento de que as redes e escolas precisam ter autonomia para utilizar as metodologias que considerarem mais apropriadas ao seu público, considerando a realidade local e regional, entre outros parâmetros importantes.
O que não mudou Embora traga avanços expressivos para o componente, a BNCC ainda mantém muitos dos pressupostos já adotados nos PCNs: 1. A centralidade do texto para a definição de conteúdos, habilidades e objetivos, partindo do gênero discursivo a que ele pertence; 2. A adoção de uma perspectiva enunciativo-discursiva da linguagem, em que os textos aparecem sempre relacionados aos seus contextos de produção; 3. O objetivo de desenvolver habilidades necessárias à participação em práticas de linguagem (escuta, fala, leitura e escrita) e a preferência pela metodologia de aprendizagem ditada pelo uso da linguagem, em que a reflexão se segue ao uso e serve para incrementá-lo.
Fontes Cristiane Mori, professora do Instituto Singularidades Egon de Oliveira Rangel, professor do Departamento de Linguística da Pontifícia Universidade Católica (PUC-SP) Luciana Falciano Oruz, analista pedagógica do Serviço Social da Indústria (SESI-SP) Maria José Nóbrega, professora do curso de Especialização em Formação de Escritores do Instituto Superior de Educação Vera Cruz Marianka Santa Barbara, formadora de professores na Comunidade Educativa CEDAC
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Língua Portuguesa